The Social Impact of Addictive Behavior of Using Smartphones Among Adolescents in Surabaya

Written by:
Rifani Helmi Urfi
Department of Information and Library Science
Faculty of Social Science and Political Science
Airlangga University

Abstract

The phenomenon of adolescent addictive behavior on smartphone use is a research trend in the 21st century today, this is because the behavior has a very real social impact. The perceived social impact tends to be negative for smartphone addictions, such as seizures, difficulty adapting to their surroundings, fluctuating emotions, helplessness in the real world and so on. . The emergence of a scale for measuring the level of dependence on smartphones is easy to find to measure addiction behavior among adolescents and other levels. In this study, the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SPAS) becomes a scale or dimension to see the level of dependence of children on smartphones and how the results affect the surrounding environment for the behavior that arises. These problems occur among teenagers in the city of Surabaya, with 100 respondents through descriptive research methods found the Disturbance of Adaptive Functions indicator is included in the very high category, Virtual Life Orientation is included in the very high category, withdrawal is included in the very high category, Tolerance is in the very high category. . This shows that the dependence of teenagers in Surabaya is very high on the use of their smartphones. On the other hand, regarding the social impact with 3 indicators of Behavioral Addiction, Cognitive Impairments, and Emotional Distress, a score with a very high category on all indicators can be seen, it can be seen that a high level of dependence will have an impact on the social behavior of adolescents. Virtual Life Orientation is included in the very high category, withdrawal is included in the very high category, Tolerance is in the very high category. . This shows that the dependence of teenagers in Surabaya is very high on the use of their smartphones. On the other hand, regarding the social impact with 3 indicators of Behavioral Addiction, Cognitive Impairments, and Emotional Distress, a score with a very high category on all indicators can be seen, it can be seen that a high level of dependence will have an impact on the social behavior of adolescents. Virtual Life Orientation is included in the very high category, withdrawal is included in the very high category, Tolerance is in the very high category. . This shows that the dependence of teenagers in Surabaya is very high on the use of their smartphones. On the other hand, regarding the social impact with 3 indicators of Behavioral Addiction, Cognitive Impairments, and Emotional Distress, a score with a very high category on all indicators can be seen, it can be seen that a high level of dependence will have an impact on the social behavior of adolescents.

Keywords:Addictive Behavior, SmartPhone, SPAS, Adolescent, Surabaya

Introduction

Smartphones are one of the devices most often used by the public. There are research results from the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers (AIISP) in 2017 which explains that the duration of internet use in Indonesia reaches 1-3 hours for 43.89% of users, 4-7 hours for 29.63% of users and more than 7 hours for 26.48% of internet users in Indonesia, where 83.44% of Indonesian internet users use smartphones to access the internet (AIISP 2017). From these data it can be seen that the duration and frequency of smartphone use can cause unwanted effects such as physiological, psychological, social and emotional problems (Kumar and Sherkhane, 2018).

Smartphone device addiction is an individual's dependence on using smartphone devices excessively regardless of the negative consequences (Pinasti and Kustanti, 2018). Excessive use of smartphone devices alone can interfere with concentration at school or at work and can also cause physical difficulties such as blurred vision, pain in the wrists or back, stiff neck and sleep disturbances. From the data obtained (Choi et al., 2015) 45.8% of smartphone users experience anxiety when not holding their smartphone, 22.6% have repeatedly tried to reduce the time they use their smartphone but have not been successful. Where the duration of internet use for each person is different according to the needs of each user (Choi et al., 2015).

The characteristics of a person's addiction tend to be progressive and cyclical. There are several indicators that individuals who experience addiction to smartphone use according to Nicholas Yee (2002), include feeling anxious, frustrated, and angry when they cannot access games, feelings of guilt when playing, continuing to play even though they are no longer enjoying it, problems in social life. , and problems with finances or relationships with others. Even more acute cases of Smartphone addiction can develop irrationally, towards anyone who tries to limit their daily preoccupation with playing smartphones.

KThis addiction is also experienced by teenagers who like to play smartphones. Koeder & Tanaka (2018) argue that smartphones influence user addiction because the value offered makes it possible for users to play games or other forms of entertainment. The entertainment provided certainly further encourages users to increase the time they use the smartphone (Koeder & Tanaka, 2018).

This problem has begun to be discussed in Indonesia itself, with data from Scientific Journals and news reports, UNICEF survey data, the Ministry of Communication and Information (Kominfo), and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society show that 84% of the total population in Indonesia have cell phones (Broto , 2014). Mcdonalds (2018) revealed that around 4 billion people in the world now have internet access, with an average increase in the number of users around 4 billion people, the number of social media users is 3 billion people, and the number of smartphone users is 5 billion people. This figure indicates that Indonesia is in fifth place in terms of the number of world internet users after China, India, the United States and Brazil (Internet World Stats, 2018).”

There were several cases reported by the mass media that occurred in the country such as the appearance of gadget addiction news or the current Indonesian language Gawai, dozens of children being treated in mental hospitals (Trans TV CNN Indonesia). playing online games with their friends so that such cases occur. There is research data which says that the majority of smartphone use among adolescents living in big cities reaches above 60%. whereas only around 40% of children living outside big cities use smartphones (Wahyuni ​​et al., 2019)

Literature review

1. Smartphone Addiction
   Smartphone Addictionor smartphone addiction is a person's inability to control smartphone use, causing failure in all aspects of life (financial, physical, psychological, especially in social life) (Van Deursen et al., 2015)

Departing from these problems, there is concern among current parents and prospective parents who are concerned that there are no regulations or special handling for smartphone use among teenagers today, the lack of special features for students is causing more and more cases of teenagers spending more and more time using smartphones to entertainment rather than for learning, special handling is needed to overcome this (David Zendle, 2019).

From these problems the author is interested in researching the Social Impact of Addictive Behavior on Teenager Smartphone Use in the City of Surabaya. In this study, measurements were made of the addiction felt by adolescents to the use of smartphones and the social impacts that could arise from these problems. Through this research, it is hoped that it will be known to provide accurate data for adolescent addiction behavior towards smartphones so that parents begin to understand and start to care more about smartphones which may influence their social interactions in the future.

This is because someone who is addicted tosmartphoneswill be more seeking easier interaction (making the shortest possible interaction) in the real world, so that it will cause socialization inequality that occurs between smartphone addicts and their environment.Smartphone Addictionthis can happen to all levels of society with various ages, if the primary social role is lost in one's life there will be a shift in focus so that smartphone addiction occurs.

knowledge possessed by humans on the problem that needs to be solved. Another case (Wilson, 1999) says that information needs are secondary needs that arise based on primary needs. Furthermore (Wilson, 1999) says that the information needs of each individual are different, influenced by environmental factors, social roles in society, and factors of each individual. Kriklas (Fisher et al., 2005) distinguishes information needs into two types, namely information needs that are immediate and information needs that can be deferred.

From some of the exposure above it can be concluded that the need for information

is the gap between knowledge or related information owned by each individual in accordance with the problems faced by the individual and social roles in society. Awareness of the need for information makes a person carry out information behavior activities. Information behavior is the whole of human behavior in activities related to searching for sources of information both passively and actively to the level of information use (Wilson, 2000). Various models related to information seeking behavior have been proposed to date. One of the models of behavior

information search that was proposed by Carol C. Kuhltahu in (1991).

Kuhlthau's information-seeking behavior model is commonly referred to as the Information Search Process (ISP) model. Model

Kulthau's information search is motivated by a combination of theories put forward by Kelly, Taylor, and Belkin. Kelly's personal construction theory

(1963) in (Kuhlthau, 1999) is used to describe individual affective experiences in the process of constructing meaning for new information encountered. Belkin (1982) in (Kuhlthau, 1999) emphasizes that the level of cognitive or individual abilities determines the process of seeking information. Meanwhile Taylor (1984) in (Kuhlthau, 1999) explains that there are four levels of information needs that are in accordance with user requests and are a consideration in providing information. In the end, Kuhlthau's information retrieval model consists of six stages, each of which must be passed by the information seeker sequentially. In contrast to other information-seeking behavior models such as those developed by (Ellis et al., 1993) suggests that there are six types or patterns that can be seen when someone searches for information. The type or pattern proposed by Ellis is not in the form of sequential steps as proposed by Kuhlthau, but it is possible that each type or pattern is not sequential (Widiyastuti, 2016). Information-seeking behavior Ellis only aims to find out the complicated pattern of information-seeking behavior carried out in the academic field (Fisher et al., 2005). Meanwhile, the Kuhlthau model wants to know the various aspects that a person goes through in each stage, such as affective (feelings), cognitive (thoughts), and actions taken at each stage (Kuhlthau, 1999). The following describes the Kuhlthau ISP information seeking behavior model: a) Prefix or Initiation The type or pattern proposed by Ellis is not in the form of sequential steps as stated by Kuhlthau, but it is possible that each type or pattern is not sequential (Widiyastuti, 2016). Ellis' information seeking behavior only aims to find out the complicated pattern of information seeking behavior carried out in the academic field (Fisher et al., 2005). Meanwhile, the Kuhlthau model wants to know the various aspects that a person goes through in each stage, such as affective (feelings), cognitive (thoughts), and actions taken at each stage (Kuhlthau, 1999). The following describes the Kuhlthau ISP information seeking behavior model: a) Prefix or Initiation The type or pattern proposed by Ellis is not in the form of sequential steps as stated by Kuhlthau, but it is possible that each type or pattern is not sequential (Widiyastuti, 2016). Ellis' information seeking behavior only aims to find out the complicated pattern of information seeking behavior carried out in the academic field (Fisher et al., 2005). Meanwhile, the Kuhlthau model wants to know the various aspects that a person goes through in each stage, such as affective (feelings), cognitive (thoughts), and actions taken at each stage (Kuhlthau, 1999). The following describes the Kuhlthau ISP information seeking behavior model: a) Prefix or Initiation Information-seeking behavior Ellis only aims to find out the complicated pattern of information-seeking behavior carried out in the academic field (Fisher et al., 2005). Meanwhile, the Kuhlthau model wants to know the various aspects that a person goes through in each stage, such as affective (feelings), cognitive (thoughts), and actions taken at each stage (Kuhlthau, 1999). The following describes the Kuhlthau ISP information seeking behavior model: a) Prefix or Initiation Information-seeking behavior Ellis only aims to find out the complicated pattern of information-seeking behavior carried out in the academic field (Fisher et al., 2005). Meanwhile, the Kuhlthau model wants to know the various aspects that a person goes through in each stage, such as affective (feelings), cognitive (thoughts), and actions taken at each stage (Kuhlthau, 1999). The following describes the Kuhlthau ISP information seeking behavior model: a) Prefix or Initiation

The Kulhthau Information Search Model begins with an initiation stage. At this stage the individual begins to realize the lack

4

           This study focuses on observations among adolescents. This is because teenagers are more at risk of smartphone addiction compared to adults because they have not been able to develop self-control in using smartphones (Cha & Seo, 2018). Especially if parents are unable to supervise the process of using the device. Providing a sense of security and full support from parents and family will reduce anxiety in children so that there will be no escape from other activities that cause social problems (in this case smartphone addiction) (Lam, Peng, Mai, & Jing, 2009).

The following are the factors that cause teenagers to experience smartphone addiction (Fauzi. A, Yusuf A, Mundakir M, 2019):

1.Personal

The factor caused by the group of adolescents who have low emotional intelligence and their destructive coping style causes them to experience excessive anxiety and are unable to solve the problems they face. This will make the teenager look for an escape to get rid of this anxiety by playing a smartphone

2.Interpersonal

In this factor, the role of parents and the environment is the cause of a child's addiction to smartphones. The loss of the role of parents in controlling adolescent behavior will result in the loss of control over activities that plunge them.

On the other hand, interpersonal relationships with peers when carrying out activities at school can increase individual satisfaction. Individuals who take part in school activities with their friends will prefer real life rather than busying themselves with smartphones.

3. Behavior

This last factor is a form of habit that arises as a result of neglecting time so that a smartphone, which was originally only a connecting medium, switches to objects that can never escape from one's grasp.
In this study the concept used to measure smartphone addiction in adolescents is through the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SPAS). SPAS is a measurement scale used to see the level of dependence of children on smartphones and how the results affect the surrounding environment for behavior that arises as a result of this (Kim & Lee, 2014). In this theory, there are several indicators that serve as a reference to see someone's tendency to use a smartphone. Here are the indicators in it.

1.Disturbance of Adaptive Functions: a process in which a person starts to make a habit of using a smartphone so that over time, the intensity and duration of the game gets higher. In this process, teenagers already feel very close to smartphones, so if there is an environment that disturbs their familiarity with smartphones, they will feel disturbed. In other words, he feels that the smartphone doesn't have a bad impact on him, but the mention of other people is very annoying. Example: difficulty managing time due to frequent use of a smartphone, the environment experiences complaints due to the habit of using a smartphone that is not suitable for daily life.

2. Virtual Life Orientation: a process characterized by the emergence of a change in orientation to virtual life that interferes with activities in real life.

Example: feeling more comfortable when ‘online'

3. Withdrawal: a process characterized by the emergence of feelings of discomfort physically and emotionally when someone reduces or misses playing a smartphone. This makes a person more irritable, mood swings, and physically shaken

Example: experiencing panic when not holding a smartphone, extreme pain when not using a smartphone.

4.Tolerance: the process by which a person

trying to reduce dependence on his smartphone. In this case someone already has the intention to make changes in his habits, even though he still sometimes fails.

Example: trying to get off the smartphone but failed.

2. Social impact on adolescents due to smartphone addiction behavior

Teenagers are more vulnerable to exposure to the adverse effects of smartphone use because they are still not critical in accepting new things but are easy to adapt to technology, besides that they are sensitive to environmental influences and their peers (Grant et al., 2010; Griffiths, 2005). Several studies have shown that excessive smartphone use in adolescents will result in emotional changes and interpersonal problems, so that it can be associated with various psychopathologies and behavioral problems (Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, et al (2017); Kim HJ, Min JY, et al .(2018)).

The negative impact of smartphone addiction also extends to the emergence of other social problems, just as smartphones can also encourage intimidation and hazing or what we often hear about is bullying. Bullying and hazing is a serious problem in several countries, including in several schools, including the United States (US). Smartphones are equipped with camera and video technology, which can be used to record and photograph bullying and hazing in schools and colleges (Dwyer RJ, Kushlev K, Dunn EW, 2018).

Research methods

The method used in this research is a quantitative method with a descriptive approach, namely research aimed at describing various conditions, variables that occur in society which are the object of research based on what happened in the field. According to (Sugiyono, 2012) descriptive research is aimed at describing current or past symptoms or phenomena in a systematic direction. So this study aims to provide an overview of the social impact of addictive behavior on adolescent smartphone use in the city of Surabaya

Results and Discussion

1. Analysis of data results

In this study, observations were made regarding smartphone addiction behavior among adolescents in Surabaya with a total of 100 respondents consisting of 71 male respondents and 29 female respondents. Then the 100 respondents have different smartphone usage times in one day where 59 respondents use smartphones all day long, 30 respondents within 1-5 hours and 11 respondents within 6-7 hours a day.

Most teenagers in the city of Surabaya still feel like a failure if they want to stop using smartphones. From data processing it was found that the average value was still very high, namely 3.14. It is still difficult for teenagers to get away from smartphones because they are used to using smartphones. In their daily lives, teenagers in the city of Surabaya still spend more time using smartphones than doing more productive things. This is in line with the opinion put forward by Fauzi. A, Yusuf A, Mundakir M, (2019) that a form of habit that arises as a result of neglecting time makes a smartphone, which was originally only a connecting medium, switch to objects that can never escape from one's grasp.

Adolescents who have high smartphone addiction have a strong attachment to smartphones and have social problems such as withdrawal and difficulties in daily activities. Disorders in daily life (daily life disturbance) can be in the form of not doing the work that has been planned, difficulty concentrating, suffering from lightheadedness, blurred vision, suffering from pain in the wrist or back of the neck and experiencing sleep disturbances. These conditions will interfere with the quality of sleep of the individual concerned. This is because there is a feeling of discomfort caused both internally in the form of feeling sick in several parts and externally in the form of pressure given to individuals when the work that has been planned cannot be carried out.

Teenagers in the city of Surabaya feel that the most enjoyable thing is using smartphones for everyday. Based on the results of data processing, it was found that the average value was 3.49 in the very high category. This shows that teenagers in Surabaya feel that smartphones are very important. This is in line with the opinion expressed by David Zendle, 2019 that the increasing number of cases of teenagers spending more and more time using smartphones for entertainment rather than for studying. If they don't use a smartphone, their life will feel empty. This means that the attitude of those who do not care about their surroundings and use smartphones for too long causes addictive behavior which makes teenagers who use them even less concerned about their surroundings.

Teenagers in the city of Surabaya spend time with smartphones and it makes their lives more comfortable. Based on the results of data processing, it was found that the average value was 3.64 in the very high category. This shows that teenagers in Surabaya agree with the statement. This is in line with what was stated by Griffiths, 2005 that teenagers are very more vulnerable to exposure to the adverse effects of smartphone use because they are still not critical in accepting new things but are easy to adapt to technology, besides that they are sensitive to environmental influences and their peers. Apart from that, according to Yaakov Ophir, et al (2020), teenagers who are affected by this will seem like they don't want to be separated from their smartphones, are more likely to be alone, have difficulty adapting,

However, some negative effects are not felt by teenagers in the city of Surabaya because they don't feel tightness in their chests when they don't use a smartphone for just a moment. In this statement, the results of data processing found that the average value was 1.06 with a very low category. This shows that teenagers in Surabaya feel inconsistent with the statement. This is one of the physical effects of using a smartphone excessively. However, many adolescents are not aware of the physical changes and physical impacts they get, including according to Choi et al., 2015 that excessive use of smartphone devices alone can interfere with concentration at school or at work and can also cause physical difficulties such as blurred vision, pain in the wrist or back,

From the results of data processing it is clear that most teenagers in the city of Surabaya experience the impacts and effects of smartphone use. This can be seen in most of the statements on the questionnaire answered by teenagers in the city of Surabaya, which are in the high category. Teenagers in the city of Surabaya feel the effects of smartphone use, including no activity other than using a smartphone, life feels empty without a smartphone, friends and family around them are distant because of a lack of interaction with the real world.

Conclusion

a.         The results of this study indicate that all of these indicators are found in Surabaya City Adolescents such as they feel annoyed when disturbed when playing smartphones because they feel that they are not excessive in using them (disturbance of balance), are more comfortable when interacting virtually than interacting directly (virtual life orientation), feel restless, nervous, anxious, and panicked when there is no smartphone around (withdrawal), and find it difficult to reduce daily smartphone use (tolerance). The conclusion obtained is that Surabaya City Youth experience all indicators of addiction to smartphones and will most likely greatly affect the psychic and motor skills of adolescents without them knowing it.

b.         The social impact of adolescents who have addictive behavior towards smartphone use in this study is measured using several indicators including behavioral addiction where this indicator is used to measure how close adolescents are to smartphones, cognitive impairments where this indicator is used to see how adolescents' cognitive function is through regularity in daily life , and finally, emotional distress where this indicator is used to measure how high the level of emotional distress of adolescents is due to excessive smartphone use. The results of the study show that Surabaya City Youth have experienced these indicators such as losing the people closest to them because they are too busy with smartphones (behavioral addiction), often do not do homework because they always think of smartphones (cognitive impairments), and they realize that their lives will be more comfortable when they do not use smartphones excessively but on the other hand they find it difficult to do this because they are already addicted to using smartphones (emotional distress). The social impact of adolescents who have addictive behavior towards smartphone use is that adolescents are increasingly distant from those closest to them, have difficulty socializing, and are increasingly comfortable with the virtual world rather than the real world.

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